歌布- 贵州数字出版云村寨平台

_{[1]
wix：this word is listed in MCD 401，where it is glossed as zhaodao 找到 ‘to find’，rather than qian 前 ‘before’. The original translation for the word wixgave it as meaning ‘before’，but this meaning is not listed in MCD.}_{[2]
ghail：this word is listed in MCD 160，where it is glossed as jiu 就 ‘then’，rather than shenme 什么 or na yang 哪样 ‘what？’. The normal word for ‘what？’ in this dialect of Miao is gheix xid（see CMD 276 and MCD 168）.}_{[3]
xangs：this word is listed in MCD 405，where it is glossed as gaosu 告诉 ‘to tell’ and jiang chu 讲出 ‘to say’，rather than dai 代 ‘generation’ as used in the original translation.}_{[4]
jox：in the original translation this was given as tiao 条 ‘strip，article’. This morpheme，however，means pi（bu）匹（布）‘a bolt of cloth’（see MCD 261）.}_{[5]
mel：in the original translation this was given as chu jia 出嫁 ‘get married’. MCD does not list this word. The Chinese characters ‘get married’ are listed in CMD 40，glossed as a phrase mongl khat. The normal word for ‘married’ in this dialect of Miao is khat（see CMD 148）.}_{[6]
niangx xinb：this word is listed in MCD 333，where it is glossed as <ge> guniang，a’mei <歌> 姑娘，阿妹 ‘girl，younger sister’，an expression that is generally only used in songs. The word for ‘girl，younger sister’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as niangx xenb. The replacement of xenb with xinbcould be the result of a transcription difference between dialects.}_{[7]
laix：the original translation was ma妈 ‘mother’. In MCD 284 this word is glossed as ge个 ‘individual’，wei位 ‘used in deferential reference to people’，and kou 口 ‘unit of people’，rather than ‘mother’.}_{[8]
niul：the original translation was mei美 ‘beauty’. In MCD 338 this morpheme is glossedas keyi（bu huai）可以（不坏），‘fine（not too bad）’，and hao 好 ‘good’.}_{[9]
nenl：the original translation was zhong（zi）（种）子 ‘seed’. In MCD 325 this morpheme is glossed as jiujiu 舅舅 ‘uncle’.}_{[10]
nongb：the original translation was ze 则 ‘with’. MCD 341 lists this word with the gloss bixu 必须 ‘must’.}_{[11]
vob gis：In MCD 388 this is glossed vob as cai菜 ‘green vegetable’；vob gisas a phrase is found in MCD 389，where it is glossed as xiancai 苋菜 ‘amaranth’.}_{[12]
vob ngax：the original translation was mianhua 棉花 ‘cotton’. This morpheme is not found in either MCD or CMD. In MCD 388 vob is listed as being used as prefix for many different types of plants（cai菜）and in MCD 327 ngax is glossed as yeshou 野兽wild beast. However，in CMD 210 the word for ‘cotton’ in this dialect of Miao is glossed as hsenbor mais hsenb.}_{[13]
jil：the original translation was zhong 种 ‘to plant’. However，in MCD 258 this morpheme is glossed as <ge> gege <歌> 哥哥 [Song] ‘brother’.}_{[14]
ob：In MCD 344 this word is listed and glossed as wo lia 我俩 ‘us two’，rather thanzan 咱 ‘we’ as used in the original translation.}_{[15]
ot：In MCD 346 this word is listedand glossed as <ge> she wen <歌> 设问 [Song] ‘to inquire’，<ge> fa wen <歌> 发问 [Song] ‘to ask’，rather than mai埋 ‘bury’ as used in the original translation.}_{[16]
duix：this word is glossed in MCD 85 as shou首 ‘CLF’ used for poems and songs，e.g. ib ～ hxakyi shou ge 一首歌 ‘a song’，rather thanjie 节 ‘part’ as used in the original translation.}_{[17]
nongk：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese words jiang yao 将要 ‘will’，‘shall’ or ‘to be going to’，are listed in this dialect of Miao as nongt（see MCD 341）.}_{[18]
fangb：In MCD 115 this word is listed and glossed as defang 地方 ‘place’，diqu 地区 ‘area’，rather than cun 村 ‘village’ as used in the original translation. In CMD 382 the word for ‘village’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as vangl.}_{[19]
zangx：the original translation was ba 坝 ‘dam’，which is not found in MCD. The word for ‘dam’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as zangt in CMD 5.}_{[20]
sangx：the original translation was ba坝 ‘dam’ which is not found in MCD. The word for ‘dam’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as zangtin CMD 5.}_{[21]
hxut gas：hxut gas as a phrase is found in MCD 242，where it is glossed as <ge> xinli mingliang<歌> 心里明亮 [Song] ‘bright in one’s heart’，congming 聪明 [Song] ‘clever’.}_{[22]
yex hold：In MCD 423 this expression is listed as a phrase meaning zhugan 竹竿 ‘bamboo pole’.}_{[23]
wangl：the original translation was shan’ao 山坳 ‘col’；this word，however，means tang 塘 ‘pool’，chitang 池塘 ‘pond’ according to MCD 396.}_{[24]
mas：the original translation was mai 买 ‘buy’；however，this word means zhunbei 准备 ‘to prepare’ according to MCD 309.}_{[25]
did nix：did nix is listed as a phrase in MCD 75，where it is glossed as jiaoban landian 搅拌蓝靛 ‘stir indigo’，rather than di 抵 ‘resist’ and zhu 柱 ‘post’ as used in the original translation.}_{[26]
diongt：MCD does not list this word. A plausible solution might be that diongtis written in place of diongd，which is given in MCD 79 as meaning zhongjian 中间 ‘middle’. The replacement of diongd with diongt could be the result of atranscription error.}_{[27]
sos：the original translation was gou 够 ‘enough’；this morpheme，however，means dadao 到达 ‘arrival’ according to MCD 369.}_{[28]
yol：in MCD 425 this word isglossed as dangran shi… luo 当然是……啰，‘of course，it is…’，rather than hua 花 ‘flower’ as used in the original translation.}_{[29]
jox bil：in MCD 262 this phrase is glossed as shang tiao lu 上条路 ‘upper road’，rather than tiao 条 ‘strip’，shan（zuan）山（钻）‘mountain（drill）as used in the original translation.}_{[30]
jet：vthe original translation was pa 爬‘climb’， which is listed in MCD 259 as jit. It could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[31]
ghaib：the original translation was ting（zhuang）停（状）‘stop’；however，in MCD 159 it is glossed as man 慢 ‘slow’，rather than ‘stop’.}_{[32]
saib：in MCD 361 this word isglossed as kaojin 靠近，aijin 挨近 ‘near’.}_{[33]
deeb：MHCD does not list this word. It could be the result of a transcription error. The original translation was hou 厚 ‘thick’，which is listed in CMD 129 as dab.}_{[34]
yes：MCD does not list this word.}_{[35]
naox：MCD does not list this word. The original translation of this word was chi吃 ’eat’，which is listed in MCD 35 as nongx.}_{[36]
zaid：the original translation was guo 果 ‘fruit’. This word，however，means bo（pi）剥（皮）‘peel’ according to MCD 428.}_{[37]
bol dlol：the original translation was shu de 熟的 ‘ready to be reaped’；however，in MCD 34 this morpheme is said to mean rouruan de Yangzi 柔软的样子 ‘ripe’.}_{[38]
nongk：MCD does not list this word. The original translation of this word was yao 要 ‘will’，which is listed in MCD 341 as nongt.}_{[39]
yex：the original translation was gen 跟 ‘follow’；this word，however，means youguang 游逛 ‘stroll’according to MCD 423.}_{[40]
gut：the original translation was zhijia 指甲 ‘fingernail’，but in MCD 187 it is glossed as zhua 抓 ‘to grasp’.}_{[41]
jut：the original translation was zhumie 竹篾 ‘bamboo splint’. This word，however，means juzi 锯子 ‘saw’ according to MCD 267.}_{[42]
deis：the original gloss was 哪 ‘where’；this morpheme，however，means 饱满 ‘plump’ according to MCD 61.}_{[43]
jok：the original gloss was diao 吊 ‘hang’，but in MCD 260 it is glossed as shuan拴 ‘tie’.}_{[44]
dot：the original gloss was zai 在 ‘at’；this morpheme means dedao 得到 ‘to get’ according to MCD 106.}_{[45]
zux：no gloss is given in the original translation. In MCD 438 this word is glossed as mao 冒 ‘to give off’.}_{[46]
ghaix：in MCD 16 this wordis glossed as pianxie 偏斜 ‘bias’.}_{[47]
saix：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character ye 也 ‘also’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as seix（see MCD 366）.}_{[48]
ongl：MCD does not list this word. The replacement of ongl with yangl could be the result of a transcription error from the oral to the written Miao version.}_{[49]
nox：this word is listed in MCD 343 and glossed as qing 青 ‘blue-black’，rather than ‘green’ as used in the original translation.}_{[50]
teb：the original translation was tong 桶 ‘bucket’. This morpheme，however，means da mugang 大木缸 ‘big vat’ which is listed in MCD 378.}_{[51]
at：MCD does not list this word. MCD 3 lists the word for zenme 怎么‘how？’. The word for ‘how？’in this dialect of the Miao is ait. The replacement of at with ait could be the result of a transcription error or difference in dialect/sub-dialect.}_{[52]
waix：the original translation was waimian 外面 ‘outside’，but in MCD 395 it is glossed as shangbian 上边 ‘top’，rather than waimian 外面 ‘outside’ as used in the original translation. The word for ‘top’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as pit waix in CMD 272. The word for pit is listed in MCD 350，where it is glossed as bian 边 ‘edge’ or ce 侧 ‘side’.}_{[53]
daix：MCD does not list this word. The original translation for daix is qianmian 前面‘front’. MCD 46 lists the word for xiabian 下边 ‘down’ as pitdab（the opposite of shangbian 上边 ‘top’，which is pit waix and used in the next line）.}_{[54]
veb：MCD does not list this word. The original translation was shi 石 ‘stone’，which is listed in MCD 386 as vib.}_{[55]
at xid：MCD does not list these words. CMD 386 lists at xid as a phraseglossed as zenme怎么 ‘how？’，The word for ‘how’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as ait xid. Writing at xid instead of aitxidcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[56]
senx：no gloss is given in the original translation. This word is listed in MCD 367，where it is glossed as rang 让 ‘let’.}_{[57]
nongf：no gloss is given in the original translation. This word is listed in MCD 340，where it is glossed as geze各自 ‘each’.}_{[58]
dlas：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese word zi 紫 ‘purple’ is found in MCD 90，where it is listedas dles.}_{[59]
nal：this word is listed in MCD 320 and glossed as 个 ‘cfl’. However，the Chinese character lu 滤 ‘filter’ is found in MCD 229，as the translation of hvit.}_{[60]
bil：MCD 28 lists this word，with the gloss shangbian 上边 ‘top’.}_{[61]
senl：MCD 367 lists this word，with the gloss <ge> jieqin <歌> 结亲 [Song] ‘takes in marriage’.}_{[62]
gheix：MCD 168 has this word，which it glosses as na ge 那个 ‘that（one）’，rather than shenme什么 ‘what’ as used in the original translation.}_{[63]
xid：MCD 409 lists this word，with the gloss shenme什么 ‘what’.}_{[64]
lil：MCD 294 lists this word，with the gloss li 理 ‘principle’，daoli 道理 ‘reason’.}_{[65]
bis：MCD 29 lists this word；the original translation was pingtan 平坦 ‘flat’. CMD 304 lists it as teng 藤 ‘rattan’，rather than ‘flat’.}_{[66]
bil：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 28 lists this word，with the gloss shangbian 上边 ‘top’.}_{[67]
lil：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 294 lists this word，with the glossli 理 “reason” or daoli 道理 “principle”.}_{[68]
xinl（d）：the Chinese characters qingchu 清楚 ‘clear’，which are found in CMD 251，are listed as translating as xend. The replacement of xend with xinl（d）could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[69]
diex：the original translation was buzi 步子 ‘paces’. In MCD 76 this word is glossed as jie 节 ‘part’.}_{[70]
jef：the original translation was zhi 只 ‘only’. In MCD 252 this word is glossed as shiyi 十一 ‘eleven’.}_{[71]
ghaid：MCD 166 lists this word，with the gloss haishi 还是 ‘even more’（amongst others）.}_{[72]
yel：MCD 422 lists this word，with the gloss you 游 ‘to swim’ or ‘to travel’，rather than yao 摇 ‘wave’ as used in the original translation.}_{[73]
max：the original translation was you 有 ‘to have’. MCD 309 lists this word，with the gloss paida 拍打 ‘lash’，rather than ‘to have’.}_{[74]
genl：MCD 134 lists this word，with the gloss jishi集市 ‘market’ or ben 笨 ‘stupid’，rather than ‘a while’ as used in the original translation. The Chinese characters yi xia 一下 ‘a while’ are found in CMD 365，where they are listedas translating as the phrase ib hxot.}_{[75]
henb：MCD does not list this word；the original translation was zou 走 ‘to walk’. The word for ‘to walk’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as hangb in CMD 414. It could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[76]
deis：MCD 61 lists this word，with the gloss na 哪 ‘where？’.}_{[77]
diangd bangl：MCD lists this word as a phrase. The morpheme however means diao tou 掉头 ‘turn around’，but the word for bangl in this dialect of Miao is listed as dangl in MCD 70.}_{[78]
dlod：the original translation was gua 挂 ‘hang’，this morpheme however means jiaohuo 搅和 ‘to stir，mix’ MCD 98.}_{[79]
hxek：the original translation was bujin布巾 ‘cloth’. However，this morpheme is given in MCD 236 with the definition daizi 带子 ‘band，ribbon’ or pazi 帕子 ‘kerchief or handkerchief’，and also the compound hxek hfud，which is glossed as ‘hand-cloth’. Cloth of narrow width is evidently meant. Almost all cloth woven by the Miao is of narrow breadth，usually not more than 30 cm or so wide. The meaning of this morpheme may be related to hxek（MCD 236），defined asjing 经 ‘to go through’，nai 耐 ‘resilient’ and jieshi 结实 ‘strong’.}_{[80]
jef：the original translation was shiyi 十一 ‘eleven’；this morpheme however means zhi 只 ‘only’ MCD 252，rather than ‘eleven’.}_{[81]
dlol：the original translation was chui 捶 ‘pound’. The Chinese character chui捶 ‘pound’ is found in CMD 45，where it is glossed as liul.}_{[82]
hangd nenl（d）：MCD 197 lists this word，with the gloss zhe’er 这儿 ‘here’. The normal word for ‘here’ in this dialect of Miao is hangd nongd.}_{[83]
liongx：the original translation was mian 棉 ‘cotton’，which is listed in MCD 296 as huang 晃 ‘to sway’ or yang 杨 ‘to raise’，rather than ‘cotton’.}_{[84]
hsaib：This morpheme is not found in the MCD；MCD 218 gives only the meaning of houtian 后天 ‘day after tomorrow’ for hsaib yenl.}_{[85]
xinb：the original translation was mei 妹 ‘sister’，which is not found in either MCD and CMD. CMD 207 listings for ‘younger sister’ are niak（dail），dod（dail）.}_{[86]
lax sangl：the original translation was wanmei zhuang完美状 ‘perfectly’. MCD 287 lists jiu 久 ‘long’ for lax and MCD 206 lists mei 美 ‘beautiful’ for sangb. The replacement of sangbby sanglcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[87]
ghab vangx：MCD 154 lists this word，with the gloss shanling 山岭 ‘mountain ridge’.}_{[88]
jet：the original translation was pa 爬 ‘climb’，this morpheme however means renshi 认识‘to know’ according to MCD 256. The Chinese character pa 爬 ‘climb’ is listed in HCD 227 as jit.}_{[89]
dit：the original translation was gei给 ‘give’，which is listed in MCD 82 as wan碗 ‘bowl’. The word for ‘give’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as diotin CMD 325.}_{[90]
hnit：the original translation was zhi 智 ‘wisdom’，this morpheme however means bozhong 播种 ‘to sow’，rather then ‘wisdom’ MCD 214.}_{[91]
dut：the original translation was hui 慧 ‘intelligent’，this morpheme however means luan乱 ‘in disorder’，rather then ‘intelligent’ MCD 110.}_{[92]
xes：MCD does not list this word.}_{[93]
ob deib：MCD does not list this phrase. The word for ta lia他俩 ‘they’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as ob daib in MCD 344. The replacement of ob deib with ob daibcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[94]
xol（b）：the original translation was hui 灰 ‘ash’，which MCD 415 lists as dedao 得到 ‘to get’，rather then ‘ash’as used in the original translation. CMD137 lists the word for ‘ash’ in this dialect of Miao as ghad hxud（laib）.}_{[95]
nail：the Chinese character ba 爸 ‘father’，which is found in CMD 320 listed as nal. It could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[96]
sangx：the original translation was nianqing ren 年轻人 ‘young people’，which is listed in MCD 364 as xiang 想 ‘to think’ or dasuan 打算 ‘to plan’. The word for ‘young people’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as vangt in CMD 222.}_{[97]
dinb：MCD 154 lists this word，with the gloss ti 提 ‘to bring up’.}_{[98]
gongt：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character cao 槽 ‘trough’ is found in MCD 185 listed as gongb.}_{[99]
ghab zangx：MCD 156 lists this word，with the gloss ping di坪地 ‘flat land’.}_{[100]
ghab tiab：the original translation was shuzhi 树枝 ‘tree branch’，however in MCD 154 this phrase is glossed as chazi 叉子 ‘fork’.}_{[101]
dit：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character cong 从 ‘from’ is listed in CMD 48 as diot.}_{[102]
jes deix：MCD does not list this phrase. However CMD 394 lists the phrase jus deix with the meaning shizai 实在 ‘real or true’ or queshi 确实 ‘really’. The replacement of juswith jes could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[103]
gangb mongl：MCD 126 lists this word，with the gloss mifeng 蜜蜂 ‘bee’.}_{[104]
gangb niux：the original translation was mafeng 马蜂 ‘wasp’，but MCD does not list this phrase. However gangb means chong 虫 ‘insect’ according to MCD 123，and niux means zui嘴 ‘mouth’ according to MCD 339.}_{[105]
dangx：the original translation was dui 堆 ‘heap’；this morpheme however means changsuo 场所 ‘place’ or changdi场地 ‘ground’ according to MCD 56.}_{[106]
niox hvib：for nioxthe original translation was jiao 搅 ‘stir’，and for hvib the original translation was xin 心 ‘heart’. However，niox hvibis a phrase found in MCD 337 glossed as huixin 灰心 ‘disappointed’ or jieyi 介意 ‘to care’.}_{[107]
dliab：the original translation was zhaoji（zhuang）着急（状）‘worry’；this word however means hua 滑 ‘to slip’ according to MCD 90.}_{[108]
hniub daol：MCD does not list the word daol. However，MCD 214 lists the phrase as hniub dul，huo zhong 火种 ‘tinder’. The replacement of dul with daolcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[109]
daol：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character qing（se）青（色）‘blue-black’ is found in this dialect of Miao as del according to MCD 63. The replacement of del with daol could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[110]
hxangt：the original translation was bu布 ‘cloth’. This morpheme，however，means <ge> yifu <歌> 衣服 [Song] ‘clothes’，rather than ‘cloth’ according to MCD 235.}_{[111]
xid：the original translation was shui 谁 ‘who？’. However，this morpheme means na（ge）哪（个）‘which one？’，rather than ‘who？’ according to MCD 409.}_{[112]
dlieb：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character da 大 ‘big’ is found in this dialect of Miao as hlieb（see MCD 325）. The replacement of hlieb with dlieb could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[113]
yangd：the original translation was ben奔 ‘to run quickly’. This morpheme however means tiao 跳 ‘jump’，according to both MCD 419 and CMD 308.}_{[114]
pend：this morpheme is not found in either MCD or CMD. MCD gives only the meaning of mang 忙 ‘busy’ or mangyu 忙于 ‘to hurry’ for the phrase pend hlend.}_{[115]
dax：the original translation was changba 场坝 ‘place of a dam’，which MCD 59 glossed as lai 来 ‘to come’，rather then ‘place of a dam’.}_{[116]
niongl：the original translation was sheng 生 ‘produce’. This morpheme however means zhe duan shijian 这段时间 ‘around about this time’ according to MCD 336.}_{[117]
lax：the original translation was xiang（zhuang）响（状）the sound of ‘crack’，this morpheme however means jiu 久 ‘long’ according to both MCD 287 and CMD 161.}_{[118]
wub：MCD does not list this word. However，MCD 402 has the word wubin this dialect of Miao，with the gloss feikuai de yangzi 飞快的样子 ‘to take action fast’. The replacement of wub with wud could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[119]
ghab but：the original translation of ghab was bian 边 ‘side’，which is correct，but the translation of but as li 里 ‘inside’ is not consistent with MCD 41 where but is glossed as pangbian 旁边 ‘edge’. However，MCD 138 has the phrase ghab but with the gloss bian 边 ‘side’ or bianyuan 边缘 ‘edge’.}_{[120]
ib：the Chinese characterna 那 ‘there’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as aibCMD 217.}_{[121]
jil jel：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese word zhanli 站立 ‘stand up’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as juk jel CMD 389.}_{[122]
ngangt：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese word kan 看 ‘look’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as ngit CMD 167.}_{[123]
lax：the original translation was kan（zhuang）看（状）‘look at’. In MCD 287 it is glossed as deng 瞪 ‘to stare’.}_{[124]
ngob：MCD 329 lists this word，with the gloss tuoluo 陀螺 ‘top’.}_{[125]
qangb：the original translation was ti 提 ‘mention’. However，in MCD 354 this morpheme is given with the meaning jieshao 介绍 ‘to introduce’.}_{[126]
dlinf：the original translation was ben（zhuang）笨（状）‘stupid’，however this word means wanquan 全 ‘complete’ according to MCD 95.}_{[127]
niox：the original translation was de 得 ‘extremely’，MCD 337 glosses it as yiwai以外 ‘by exception of’（biaoshi fanwei 表示范围 ‘to indicate an area’）.}_{[128]
daib：the original translation was hen 很 ‘very’，which is glossed in MCD 49 as 孩子haizi ‘children’.}_{[129]
hxeb：MCD does not list this word.}_{[130]
qongd：the original translation wasjie 节 ‘part’，however MCD 359 lists it as jian’ge 间隔 ‘to divide’.}_{[131]
gif lif：the original translation was jiaodao 搅捣 ‘to ruffle’，howeverin MCD 181 this phrase is glossed as tiaopi 调皮 ‘naughty’ or wanpi 顽皮 ‘naughty and impish’.}_{[132]
dangx dul：MCD does not list this phrase. The original translation was huokang 火炕 “fire stove”，however，dangxin MCD 56 is glossed as changsuo 场所 “place” or changdi 场地 ‘ground’，and dulin MCD is glossed as huo 火 “fire”.}_{[133]
dal：the original translation was hai还 ‘also’. MHCD 53 glosses it as sheng 剩 ‘to remain’.}_{[134]
jit：the original translation was chou 愁 ‘distress’. However，this morpheme means sheng 生 ‘to breed’ orjiqi 积起 ‘to amass’ according to MCD 259.}_{[135]
jit lil：MCD does not list this word. However，MCD 294 lists the word in this dialect of Miao as liel，which is glossed as <ge> jiaochou <歌> 焦愁 [Song] ‘worry’. The replacement of lil with liel could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[136]
jenb：MCD 253 has this word，with the gloss shoujing 受惊 ‘frightened’.}_{[137]
vob：the original translation was landian 蓝靛 ‘indigo’，however，vobin MCD 388 is used as a prefix for many different types of cai 菜 ‘greenvegetables’.}_{[138]
gongb gongb：the original translation was gonggong 公公 ‘father-in-law’，however this phrase is listed in MCD 186 as gonggong公共 ‘public’. CMD 108 lists ‘father-in-law’ in this dialect of Miao as ghet（dail）.}_{[139]
senx：the original translation was yizhi 一直 ‘constantly’，however in MCD 367 it is glossed as buguan 不管 ‘no matter’.}_{[140]
bub：MCD 38 lists this word，with the gloss renyi 任意 ‘wantonly’ or suibian 随便‘careless’.}_{[141]
gheix xil：the original translation was shenme 什么 ‘what’. MCD does not list this phrase，however it does list gheix xid which is glossed as shenme 什么 ‘what’ or nayang那样 ‘which’. The word for ‘what’ or ‘which’ in this dialect of Miao is given as gheix xid in MCD 168. The replacement of gheix xid with gheix xil could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[142]
jux：the original translation was meimei 妹妹 ‘younger sister’，however this word in MCD 267 is glossed as qiao 桥 ‘bridge’.}_{[143]
jinb：MCD does not list this word，however，the Chinese characters shoujing 受惊 ‘be frightened’ are listed in this dialect of Miao as jenbMCD 253. The replacement of jenb with jinb could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[144]
niul：the original translation was xian鲜 ‘fresh’，however this word is glossed in MCD 339 as keyi（bu huai）可以（不坏）‘fine（not too bad）’，and hao 好 ‘good’.}_{[145]
lal：the original translation was gan 甘 ‘to be willing’. This morpheme however means meihao 美好 ‘fine’ or ‘happy’ and liang 良 ‘good’ according to MCD 284.}_{[146]
daib：the original translation was nu’er 女儿 ‘daughter’. This morpheme however means haizi 孩子 ‘children’ according to MCD 49.}_{[147]
ghangb vangl：MCD 162 lists this phrase，with the gloss cunzhai 村寨 ‘village’.}_{[148]
hot：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese word huo 货 ‘goods’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as hutCMD 141. The replacement of hut with hot could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[149]
xot：the original translation was de 得 ‘to get’，however this word in MCD 417 is glossed as wenzhang 蚊帐 ‘mosquito net’.}_{[150]
hlangb：the original translation was cun 村 ‘village’，however this word in MCD 205 is glossed as guiyue 规约 ‘rule’ or ‘code’.}_{[151]
gheil：the original translation was yi xia 一下 ‘a bit’，however this word in MCD 167 is glossed as ge 咯 ‘gu’（kai men de shengyin 开门的声音 ‘sound of a door opening’）. The word for ‘a bit’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as ib hxotin CMD 365.}_{[152]
dangx：the original translation was ba 坝 ‘dam’，but in MCD 56 it is listed as changsuo场所 ‘place’ or changdi 场地 ‘ground’.}_{[153]
tab：MCD does not list this word. The original translation was quan 全 ‘whole’，which is listed in this dialect of Miao as sail（see CMD 255）.}_{[154]
dlangl：the original translation was ba 坝 ‘dam’，which is listed in MCD 87 as zhudi 住地 ‘residence’ or defang 地方 ‘location’.}_{[155]
xangb：the original translation was anzhuang安装 ‘install’，The Chinese words kanzi 坎子 ‘pit’ or gengzi 埂子 ‘dike’ are listed in this dialect of Miao as hxangb（see CMD 233）.}_{[156]
yel：MCD 422 lists this word，with the gloss you 游 ‘to swim’ or ‘to travel’，rather then le 了 ‘asp’ as used in the original translation.}_{[157]
（ghab）：MCD 412 lists this word，with the gloss zacao 杂草 ‘weeds’.}_{[158]
dib：the original translation was zhendong zhuang 震动状 ‘tremble’，but in MCD 74 it is glossed as da 打 ‘to make’.}_{[159]
ghel：the original translation was wanqu 弯曲 ‘bent’，which is listed in MCD 168 as 猛击meng ji ‘fiercely attack’.}_{[160]
dil：the original translation was zhendong zhuang 震动状 ‘tremble’，but in MCD 76 it is glossed as zhe 遮 ‘to cover’，dang 挡 ‘to block’ and lan 拦 ‘to stop’.}_{[161]
dlink：MCD does not list this word. The original translation is yi xia 一下 ‘a bit’，which is listed in this dialect of Miao asib hxotin CMD 365.}_{[162]
xot：MCD does not list this words. The original translation is de得 ‘to get’，which is listed in this dialect of Miao asxobin MCD 415. The replacement of xob with xotcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[163]
ghol：MCD 172 lists this word，with the gloss duan断 ‘to break’.}_{[164]
lax：the original translation was bo 播 ‘to sow’，which is listed in MCD 286 as（zhong zaliang de）di（种杂粮的）地 ‘a land’ for miscellaneous grain crops.}_{[165]
gaib：MCD does not list this word.}_{[166]
khal（t）：MCD 275 lists this word，with the gloss jia 嫁 ‘married’. The word for ‘married’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as khat.}_{[167]
xat：MCD 407 lists this word，with the gloss zhai 债 ‘debt’ or zhang 帐 ‘bill’.}_{[168]
xul：MCD 418 lists this word，with the gloss zha 鲊a kind of ‘preserved fish’. The word for hui灰‘ash’ in this dialect of Miao is hxud according to MCD 241. The replacement of xul with hxud could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[169]
dit：the original translation was zai 在 ‘at’，however this word is listed in MCD 82 as wan碗 ‘bowl’.}_{[170]
dongt：MCD lists this word，with the gloss zhuzi 柱子 ‘post’ or zhongzhu 中柱 ‘column’，rather than shumu 树木 ‘tree’ as used in the original translation.}_{[171]
eb xel（d）：the original translation was shuijian 水碱 ‘liquid alkali’. The word for ‘liquid alkali’ in this dialect of Miao is eb hxud according to CMD 149.}_{[172]
sot：the original translation was dao到 ‘to arrive’. This morpheme however means fangzhi放置 ‘to place’，rather than ‘to arrive’，according to MCD 369.}_{[173]
lax dlinl：the original translation was paomo zhuang 泡沫状 ‘froth’，the translation of the Chinese words for ‘froth’ are listed in this dialect of Miao as ghad hmadin CMD 231.}_{[174]
dak：the original translation was jia 夹 ‘clasp’. However，the morpheme means chibang 翅膀 ‘wing’，rather than ‘clasp’ according to MCD 53.}_{[175]
cenf：MCD does not list this word. The original translation was zhi 掷 ‘to throw’ which is listed in this dialect of Miao as gufaccording to CMD 44. The replacement of guf with cenfcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[176]
bol：the Chinese character shan 山 ‘mountain’ is found in this dialect of Miao as bil according to MCD 28. The replacement of bil with bol could be the result of a transcription erroe.}_{[177]
eb vob：the original translation was shui dian 水靛 ‘liquidindigo’，but it is translated in MCD 112 withthe phrase ranshui 染水 ‘liquid dye’.}_{[178]
bangl：the Chinese character de的 ‘possessive or attributive marker’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as bangfin MCD 18. The replacement of banglwith bangfcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[179]
wail：the Chinese character wo 我 ‘I’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as wilin MCD 400.}_{[180]
niangb：the original translation was hai 还 ‘also’，however this morpheme means zai 在 ‘at’，rather than ‘also’ according to MCD 330.}_{[181]
yof：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 425 lists this word，with the glossyaoying 鹞鹰‘sparrow hawk’.}_{[182]
ghab：the original translation was lian 镰 ‘sickle’，however，in MCD 136 ghabis listed as a prefix for noun.}_{[183]
niux ghab：the original translation was buyuan 不愿 ‘do not want to’and ye 野 ‘wild’. MCD 339 lists this word，with the gloss jizui 鸡嘴 ‘chicken’s beak’. The replacement of gheib with ghab could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[184]
yuf：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 426 lists this word，with the glossyicuo 一撮 ‘a pinch’.}_{[185]
bieet：the original translation was duo 躲 ‘avoid’. MCD does not list this word. MCD 27 lists the word bieeb with the gloss bian（shu）编（书）‘to edit’ a book. The word for ‘to edit’ in this dialect of Miao is listed as bieeb.}_{[186]
dlaib：MCD 87 lists this word as hei 黑 ‘black’，and CMD 251 lists this word as qing 青 ‘blue-green’.}_{[187]
at：the word for at in MCD 8 is glossed as xihuan 喜爱 ‘to like’. However，the Chinese character rang 让 ‘let’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as dliat according to CMD 257. The replacement of dliat with atcould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[188]
jet：the original translation was shang 上 ‘up’ or ‘above’，however this morpheme means jieshi 结识 ‘to know（somebody）’ according to MCD 256.}_{[189]
nenl（x）：the original translation was ta 她‘she’，which in this dialect of Miao is nenx according to MCD 325.}_{[190]
jes：MCD 254 has this word，which it glosses as <ge> defang <歌> 地方 [Song] ‘place’. The Chinese character zhen 真 ‘really’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as jus according to CMD 394. The replacement ofjus with jescould be the result of a transcription error.}_{[191]
dlinf：the original translation was chun zhuang 蠢状 ‘foolish’；this morpheme however means wanquan 完全 ‘completely’ according to MCD 95.}_{[192]
daib：the original translation was a 啊 ‘interjection’，this morpheme however means haizi 孩子 ‘children’ according to MCD 49.}_{[193]
nix：the original translation was shui niu 水牛 ‘buffalo’，which in this dialect of Miao is ninx according to CMD 291.}_{[194]
dlas：the original translation was zi 紫 ‘purple’，which in this dialect of Miao is dles according to CMD 411.}_{[195]
xind：the original translation was qingchu 清楚 ‘clear’，which in this dialect of Miao is xend according to CMD 251.}_{[196]
at：the word for atin MCD 8 glosses as xihuan 喜爱 ‘to like’，However，the Chinese character bei 备 ‘to prepare’ as used in the original translation is listed in this dialect of Miao is bens according to CMD 12.}_{[197]
niox：vthe original translation was le 了 ‘AUXI’，this morpheme however means liu xia 留下 ‘to remain’ according to MCD 337.}_{[198]
gangf：the original translation was qing 请 ‘to invite’. This morpheme however means wanliu 挽留 ‘to request to stay’ according to MCD 127.}_{[199]
naox：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character chi 吃 ‘to eat’，as used in the original translation，is nongxin this dialect of Miao according to CMD 35.}_{[200]
hot：the original translation was he 喝 ‘to drink’. This morpheme，however，means zhu 煮 ‘to cook’ or ‘to boil’ according to MCD 216.}_{[201]
daof：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character for ran染 ‘to dye’，as used in the original translation，is hsend in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 257.}_{[202]
sud：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character for shou 受 ‘to accept’ is listed in this dialect of Miao as seik in CMD 155.}_{[203]
hot：the original translation was gaosu 告诉 ‘to tell’，however this word is listed in MCD 216 as jiao 叫 ‘to call’.}_{[204]
naos：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character for mei妹 ‘younger sister’，as used in the original translation，is niak in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 207.}_{[205]
gid xid：MCD 181 lists this phrase，which it glosses as <ge> ruguo <歌> 如果 ‘if’，rather than moceng 磨蹭 ‘to dawdle’ as used in the original translation.}_{[206]
hvangt：the original translation was kuai（le）快（乐）‘happy’. In MCD 226 this morpheme is glossed as guancha 观察 ‘observe’. The word for ‘observe’ in this dialect of Miao is hvat according to MCD 226. The replacement of hvat with hvangt could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[207]
nangd：MCD does not list this word. MCD 320 lists nangl in this dialect of Miao，with the gloss chuan 穿 ‘to wear’ as used in the original translation. The replacement of nangl with nangd could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[208]
hsut：the Chinese character suobian锁边 ‘lock stitch a border’ in this dialect of Miao is husd，according to MCD 224.}_{[209]
jul：the original translation was wan完 ‘finish’. This morpheme however means zhengge整个 ‘whole’ or suoyou 所有 ‘all’ according to MCD 264.}_{[210]
max：the Chinese character you有 ‘to have’ is maixin this dialect of Miao according to MCD 375.}_{[211]
dus：MCD 109 lists this word，with the gloss po 破 ‘break’ or baozha 爆炸 ‘to explode’.}_{[212]
lad：the original translation was fangshezhuang 放射状 ‘radiate’. This morpheme however means tu 涂 ‘to smear’ or mo 抹 ‘to rub’ according to MCD 282.}_{[213]
dongl：MCD 105 lists this word，with the glosses ta 嗒（da qiang de shengyin）（打枪的声音）‘ta（the sound of shooting）’.}_{[214]
bieet：the Chinese character shui 睡 ‘to sleep’ is bit in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 292.}_{[215]
yox：the original translation was jie 节 ‘part’. In MCD 226 this morpheme is glossed as qudiao 曲调 ‘tune’.}_{[216]
vangx：the original translation was xiu 绣 ‘embroidery’. This morpheme however means bianyan 边沿 ‘edge’ orfengren缝纫 ‘to sew’ according to MCD 383.}_{[217]
hxangb：the original translation was hua 花 ‘flower’. This morpheme however means tiao 条 ‘strip’ or si’er 丝儿 ‘thread’ according to MCD 233.}_{[218]
gangl yangl：the original translation was hen banpei zhuang 很般配状 ‘perfectly matched’. In MCD 128 this phrase is glossed as xingdong huanman de yangzi 行动缓慢的样子 ‘to take action slowly’.}_{[219]
liongx xinb：the original translation was meimei 妹妹 ‘younger sister’. MCD does not list this phrase. The word for ‘younger sister’ in this dialect of Miao is niak according to CMD 207.}_{[220]
tiab：MCD 374 liststhe word tiat in this dialect of Miaowith the gloss da哒（zhuangji jianying wuti er fachu de shengyin）（撞击坚硬物体而发出的响声）‘da（the sound of striking something hard）.’ The replacement of tiat with tiab could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[221]
baib：the Chinese character zan 咱 ‘we’ is bibin this dialect of Miao，according to MCD 27.}_{[222]
nail：the Chinese character ma 妈 ‘mother’ is nal in this dialect of Miao，according to MCD 317 and 320.}_{[223]
gangl：the original translation was tou 头 ‘head’. In MCD 55 this morpheme is glossed as dengdai等待 ‘to wait for’ or denghou 等候 ‘to await’，rather than ‘head’.}_{[224]
laix：the original translation was ba 爸 ‘father’. In MCD 284 this word is glossed as ge 个 ‘individual’，wei 位 ‘used in deferential reference to people’，and kou 口 ‘unit of people’，rather than ‘father’.}_{[225]
mangs hxangt：MCD 235 lists this phrase，with the gloss chuan yifu 穿衣服 ‘to wear clothes’}_{[226]
pad：MCD does not list this word，however the original translation was kai 开 ‘to open’ which in MCD 347 is listed in this dialect of Miao as pab.}_{[227]
dies：the original translation was jin襟 ‘the front of a garment’. In MCD 76 this morpheme is glossed as cihou 伺候 ‘to serve’，rather than ‘the front of a garment’.}_{[228]
sais：the original translation was se 色 ‘colour’. In MCD 362 this morpheme is glossed as xuan’er 旋儿 ‘whirl’，rather than ‘colour’.}_{[229]
khangt：the original translation was kouzi 扣子 ‘button’. CMD 172 lists button as ghab bod udin this dialect of Miao.}_{[230]
hxot：no gloss is given in the original translation. This word is listed in MCD 240，where it is glossed as sua 唰 ‘swish sound’.}_{[231]
xengl：MCD does not list this word，however，the Chinese character mei美 ‘beautiful’（as used in the original translation）is listed in this dialect of Miao as sengb（see CMD 206）.}_{[232]
hxangt：the original translation was bi 比 ‘to compete’. In MCD 76 this morpheme is glossed as zengtian 增添 ‘to increase’，rather than ‘to compete’.}_{[233]
dail dlat：the original translation was ge po 个婆 ‘a mother-in-law’，however，in MCD 52 this morpheme is glossed as danshen han 单身汉 ‘single man’.}_{[234]
dal：the original translation was hai还 ‘even more’. This morpheme however means shichuan 失传 ‘ceasing of transmission’ or ‘no longer extant’，or diushi 丢失 ‘to lose’ according to MCD 53.}_{[235]
mel：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character qu去 ‘to go’ as used in the original translation is glossed in this dialect of Miao as monglin CMD 255.}_{[236]
jet：the original translation was chu 出 ‘out’. This morpheme however means renshi 认识 ‘to know（someone）’ or jieshi 结识 ‘to get acquainted with’ according to MCD 256.}_{[237]
bens：the original translation wasjia 嫁 ‘to marry’. This morpheme however means <ge> banlu <歌> 伴侣 ‘partner’ or qi huo fu 妻或夫 ‘wife or husband’ according to MCD 25.}_{[238]
henb：the original translation was xing 行 ‘to walk’ which in CMD 347 is listed in this dialect of Miao as hangb.}_{[239]
las：the original translation was di 地 ‘land’. This morpheme however means huangdi 荒地 ‘waste land’ according to MCD 286.}_{[240]
niongx：the original translation was ye ji 野鸡 ‘wild chicken’. This morpheme however means jinji 锦鸡 ‘pheasant’ according to MCD 336.}_{[241]
yex：MCD 423 lists this word，with the gloss youguang 游逛 ‘travel’，‘wander around’.}_{[242]
gongl：MCD 187 lists this word，with the gloss dao 道 ‘path’ or lu 路 ‘road’.}_{[243]
daix：MCD does not list this word. However，the Chinese character qian 前 ‘front’ used in the original translation is listed in this dialect of Miao as denx（see CMD 64）.}_{[244]
yis：MCD 425 lists this word，with the gloss chengqiang 城墙 ‘the city wall’.}_{[245]
xangs：the original translation was shi时 ‘time’. This morpheme however means gaosu 告诉 ‘to tell’ or jiangchu 讲出 ‘to speak’ according to MCD 405.}_{[246]
deis：the original translation was he 何 ‘at what time’. This morpheme however means dagai 大概 ‘approximate’ according to MCD 61.}_{[247]
seet：MCD does not list this word. However，the Chinese character ge 哥 ‘older brother’ as used in the original translation is defined CMD 364 in this dialect of Miao as sat，a word which is glossed as <ge> pei’ou <歌> 配偶 ‘spouse’ or qingren情人 ‘lovers’.}_{[248]
maib：the original translation was na 拿 ‘to take’；in MCD 305 this word is glossed as yong 用 ‘to use’.}_{[249]
hfent hxut：the original translation was fangxin 放心 ‘to not worry’. In MCD 202 this is listed as <ge> an’xin <歌> 安心 [Song] ‘one’s heart is at peace’.}_{[250]
dliux：the original translation was na 拿 ‘to take’. This morpheme however means taochu 掏出 ‘to pull out’ or quchu 取出 ‘take out of’ according to MCD 97.}_{[251]
jet sait：the original translation was lian’ai 恋爱 ‘to be in love’. However，according to CMD 187，in this dialect of Miao the Chinese characters lian’ai 恋爱are lieed ngaid. In MCD 256，jet is glossed as renshi 认识 ‘to know（someone）’ or jieshi 结识 ‘to get acquainted with（someone）’. In MCD 363，sait is glossed as piaoliang 漂亮 ‘beautiful’.}_{[252]
niangx：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 332 lists this word，with the gloss nian（zhi shijian）年（指时间）‘year’ to indicate the time.}_{[253]
hxub：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 240 lists this word，with the gloss shou 收 ‘to receive’ or qinshu 亲属 ‘relationship’.}_{[254]
dail：the original translation was gei 给 ‘to give’，this word however means ge 个‘CLF’ according to MCD 52.}_{[255]
jil：‘CLF’ according to MCD 258. However，the Chinese character ji 计 ‘plan’ as used in the original translation is glossed asjit in this dialect of Miao in CMD 259.}_{[256]
lal：the original translation was cong 聪 ‘clever’. In MCD 284 this word is glossed as yingjun 英俊 ‘handsome’ or piaoliang漂亮 ‘beautiful’.}_{[257]
geek：MCD does not list this word. However，the Chinese character ge 格 ‘case’ as used in the original translation is glossed as geefin this dialect of Miao in CMD 105.}_{[258]
gheik ghangl：the original translation wasjuchi 锯齿 ‘saw teeth’. In MCD 167，gheikis glossed as quesun 缺损 ‘deficiency’ and in MCD 163 ghangl is glossed as dilan 抵拦 ‘to stop’ or banzhu 绊住 ‘to be hindered’. However，the Chinese character ‘saw teeth’ is hmid jik in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 163.}_{[259]
ghut hsud：MCD does not list this phrase. In MCD 176，ghut is glossed as jie’er节儿‘section’ and hsud is glossed in MCD 224 as suo 锁 ‘lock’. However，the Chinese characters yaoshi 钥匙 ‘key’ that are used in the original translation are det diux in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 361.}_{[260]
dink：the original translation was xia 下 ‘under’. MCD does not list this word. A plausible solution might be that dinkis written in place of dint，which according to MCD 78 means pu 铺 ‘to spread’ or dian 垫 ‘base on’. The replacement of dintwith dink could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[261]
nal：theoriginal translation was zhe这 ‘here’；this morpheme however means ge 个‘CLF’ according to MCD 320.}_{[262]
xangb：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 404 liststhis word，with the gloss xiang湘 ‘xiang’（here used a man’s name）.}_{[263]
daix：MCD does not list this word. However，the Chinese characters shenme 什么‘what’，as used in the original translation，are gheix xid in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 276. MCD 59 lists the word dax with the meaning lai 来 ‘to come’.}_{[264]
lax sangl：the original translation was zhan xianzhuang 展现状 ‘to show’，however neither MCD or CMD list this phrase. Lax is glossed in MCD 287 as jiu 久 ‘long’，and sangl is listed in MCD 363 as juezhong 绝种 ‘to make extinct’ or juehou 绝后‘without offspring（or issue）’.}_{[265]
at yangs：MCD does not list this phrase. The original translation was daban 打扮 ‘to dress up’，but at in MCD 8 is listed as xihuan 喜爱 ‘to like’ or pian’ai偏爱 ‘to favour something’，and yangsis listed in MCD 421 as shiyang式样 ‘style’.}_{[266]
at：no gloss was given in the original translation. The Chinese character zuo 做 ‘to do’ is ait in this dialect of Miao according to MCD 2.}_{[267]
dit：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 82 lists this word，with the gloss zowen 皱纹‘Wrinkle’.}_{[268]
quk：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 360 lists this word as dajie 打（结）‘tie a knot’，and shewen 设问 ‘question’，usually used when singing in antiphonal style.}_{[269]
ghab bax jel：MCD136 lists this phrase as duijiu bian碓臼边 ‘side of a tool that is used to pound rice’.}_{[270]
ghab bax：MCD 136 lists this phrase as mupai 木排 ‘wooden raft’.}_{[271]
xangb：the original translation was fang 放 ‘release’，this word however means anxiang安镶 ‘to set or to inlay’ according to MCD 404.}_{[272]
qut：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD360 lists this word，with the gloss defang 地方 ‘place’.}_{[273]
dangb：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 53 lists this word，with the gloss gai（yindang）该（应当）‘should’.}_{[274]
dliok：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character che 扯‘take up’，as used in the original translation，translates as dliof in this dialect of Miao according to CMD32.}_{[275]
nik：the original translation was jue 觉 ‘feel’. In MCD 338 this word is glossed as dadun 打盹 ‘take a nap’ or keshui 瞌睡 ‘doze’.}_{[276]
lal yenk：the original translation was qizheng zhuang 齐整状 ‘complete’. MCD does not list this phrase，and yenk is also not found in MCD. However，lal is listed in MCD 284 as guanghua 光滑 ‘smooth and glossy’ or ganjing 干净 ‘neat and tidy’.}_{[277]
nios：the original translation was zang 脏 ‘dirty’. In MCD 337 it is listed as hua（yanse cuoza）花（颜色错杂）‘come into full beauty’（of many colours）.}_{[278]
hxangd：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 234 lists this word，with the gloss chengshou 成熟 ‘mature’.}_{[279]
dongf：no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD 105 lists this word，with the gloss jiang 讲 ‘speak’ or tan 谈 ‘talk’.}_{[280]
ghab bul：in MCD 138 this phrase is listed as huoban 伙伴 ‘partner’，‘companion’ or pengyou 朋友 ‘friend’，rather than ‘friends and others’.}_{[281]
xot：the original translation was de得 ‘to get’，this word however means wenzhang 蚊帐 ‘mosquito net’ according to MCD 417.}_{[282]
yak：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese characters shuzi 梳子 ‘comb’，as used in the original translation，are glossed as xakin this dialect of Miao in CMD 288.}_{[283]
yangd hfud：MCD lists this phrase as wan faji 挽发髻 ‘to tie up（one’s）hair’.}_{[284]
yas：the original translation was shuzi 梳子 ‘comb’. However，in this dialect of Miao the Chinese word for ‘comb’ translates as vas according to CMD 288.}_{[285]
dlongl：the original translation was chuang 窗 ‘window’. However，the Chinese word for ‘window’ translates in this dialect of Miao as dlongd according to CMD 44. The replacement of dlongdwith dlongl could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[286]
yak：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character ying影 ‘shadow’，as used in the original translation，is ghab dliux hvent in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 371.}_{[287]
yib：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 235 lists this wordwith the glosses yicong 依从 ‘to comply with’ or shuncong 顺从 ‘to yield to or to submit to’.}_{[288]
geil：neither MCD nor HMD list this word.}_{[289]
jok. no gloss is given in the original translation. MCD261 lists this word，with the gloss geli 隔离 ‘separate’.}_{[290]
jof：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 260 has this word，with gloss as zhuangshu 装束 ‘costume’.}_{[291]
gangf：the original translation was cheng 撑 ‘to open’. However，this word means wo 握 ‘to grasp’ according to MCD 127.}_{[292]
gangf：the original translation was qian 牵 ‘to lead’. However，this word means fuzhe 扶着 ‘to assist’ according to MCD 127.}_{[293]
xol：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 416 has this word，with the gloss shasha 沙沙 ― an onomatopeic expression which is used to describe the sound of the silver ornaments jingling.}_{[294]
ket：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character dong 动 ‘move’，as used in the original translation，is hnab in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 75.}_{[295]
kob yil：MCD does not list this phrase. The Chinese characters keyi 可以 ‘can’，as used in the original translation，are kox yixin this dialect of Miao according to MCD 281}_{[296]
mangl：the original translation was na 那 ‘there’，this word however means fu 伏 ‘to prostrate’ or jin kao 紧靠 ‘close together’ according to MCD 309.}_{[297]
dit：the Chinese character cong 从 ‘from’ is diot in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 48.}_{[298]
hxob：the original translation was liang 亮 ‘bright’，however this word means shoushi 收拾 ‘to tidy up’ or qingli 清理 ‘to clear up’ according to MCD 239.}_{[299]
ghan ghab：the original translation was qinyou 亲友 ‘relatives and friends’，however this phrase means zhuren 主人 ‘host’ according to MCD 143. The replacement of ghaib with ghab could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[300]
ghongt diux：the Chinese characters menkou 门口 ‘doorway’ as used in the original translation are ghab diux in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 207.}_{[301]
ghab but：the original translation was bianyuan边缘 ‘edge’ or pangbian 旁边 ‘side’. However，according to MCD 138 this phrase means huoban 伙伴 ‘partner’，‘colleague’ or pengyou 朋友 ‘friend’，rather than ‘edge’ or ‘side’.}_{[302]
yil：the original translation was nu 女 ‘daughter’. MCD 424 lists this word as nianqingren年轻人 ‘young people’，rather than ‘daughter’.}_{[303]
khab：the original translation was sushuo 诉说 ‘treat’ or zhufu嘱咐’teach’. MCD 270 lists this phrase with the gloss quangao 劝告 ‘advice’.}_{[304]
diux：the original translation was xin 心 ‘heart’. MCD 86 lists this word as ge 个 ‘CLF’ or ke颗 ‘CLF’，rather than ‘heart’.}_{[305]
hmongb：the original translation was jian 间 ‘middle’. However，this word means（zhiwude）xin’er（植物的）芯儿 ‘the stamen or pistil of a flower’，according to MCD 211.}_{[306]
bib bal：the Chinese characters yi ba 一把 ‘a bunch’，was used in the original translation. In CMD 27 the Chinese character yi一 ‘CLF’ is glossed as ibin this dialect of Miao. Balis listed in MCD 16 as wang 网 ‘net’，huai 坏 ‘bad，damaged’ or sunhuai 损坏 ‘damage’.}_{[307]
ceit：the original translation was li 离 ‘to leave’. MCD 43 lists this word，with the gloss（pifu de）liekou（皮肤的）裂口 ‘rip’ of the skin. The Chinese for ‘to leave’ translates as hsatin this dialect of Miao according to CMD 184.}_{[308]
neib：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 323 lists this word，with the gloss hen 很 ‘very’.}_{[309]
gangb dul：MCD has this phrase，with the gloss zhuchong 蛀虫 ‘woodworm’.}_{[310]
ghot：the original translation was yi一 ‘CLF’，however in MCD 175 it is glossed as jiehe 结合 ‘to combine together’.}_{[311]
ghob：the original translation was shu数 ‘number’，however in MCD 170 it is glossed as gou 钩 ‘hook’.}_{[312]
diuk：the original translation was beizhuang 悲壮 ‘sadness’，however in MCD 84 it is glossed as jiechu 接触 ‘to contact’.}_{[313]
ghab：the original translation was gu 古 ‘old’，however in MCD 136 it is glossed as cheng 称 ‘to name’ or jiao 叫 ‘to call’.}_{[314]
gux：the original translation was li 理 ‘principle’，however in MCD 194 it is glossed as diangu典故 ‘allusion’ or gudian 古典 ‘classical’.}_{[315]
mait：the original translation was nu’er 女儿 ‘daughter’，however in MCD 307 it is glossedas <ge> a’mei<歌> 阿妹 [Song] ‘younger sister’.}_{[316]
seeb：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese word fenli 分离 ‘separate’，as used in the original translation，translates as hsat in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 93. The replacement of hsatwith seeb could be the result of a transcription error.}_{[317]
dlob：neither MCD nor CMD list this word. The Chinese characters likai 离开 ‘to leave’，as used in the original translation，translate as hvak in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 184.}_{[318]
henb：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character zai 再 ‘repeated’，as used in the original translation，translates as hnaibin this dialect of Miao according to CMD 384.}_{[319]
deed：MCD does not list this word，the Chinese character you 又 ‘again’，as used in the original translation，translates as yudin this dialect of Miao according to CMD 376.}_{[320]
niox：the original translation wasjiaoban搅拌 ‘to stir’，however this word means paoqi 抛弃 ‘to abandon’ according to MCD 337.}_{[321]
zaid nal：MCD lists this phrase，which it glosses as <ge> niangjia <歌> 娘家 ‘maternal home’ or jiaxiang 家乡‘home village’.}_{[322]
gongb gongb：the original translation was zushang 祖上 ‘ancestor’. MCD does not list this phrase，however this phrase is found in CMD 416 where it is glossed as zuzu beibei 祖祖辈辈 ‘generation after generation’，rather than zushang 祖上 ‘ancestor’.}_{[323]
gil（d）sot：the original translation was lu 路 ‘road’ for gil（d）and de 得 ‘to get’ for sot. However，in MCD 181 this phrase is glossed as zaofang li 灶房里 ‘in the kitchen’ or ‘in the fireplace’. The Chinese word zaofang 灶房is glossed ghad sot in CMD 386.}_{[324]
sot：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 369 lists this word with thegloss fangzhi 放置 ‘to place’.}_{[325]
hxangt：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 235 lists this word with the gloss <ge> yifu <歌> 衣服 [Song] ‘clothes’.}_{[326]
nongb：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 341 lists this wordwith the gloss bixu 必须 ‘must’.}_{[327]
khab：nongb：no gloss given in the original translation. MCD 270 lists this phrase with the gloss gan 干 ‘dry’.}_{[328]
dliangb：the original translation was you 游 ‘travel’. CMD 116 lists this word as gui 鬼 ‘ghost’，rather than ‘travel’.}_{[329]
dlangl：the original translation was hun 魂 ‘ghost，soul’. However，this word means zhudi 住地 ‘residence’ or defang 地方 ‘place or local’ according to MCD 87.}_{[330]
seeb：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character zai 在 ‘at’，as used in the original translation，is niangb in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 384.}_{[331]
nongl：the original translation was jia家 ‘home’. However，this word means cangku 仓库 ‘granary or warehouse’ according to MCD 341.}_{[332]
xit：the original translation was zao 造 ‘make’. However，according to MCD 410 this word means yangyu 养育 ‘to raise and educate’ or sheng生 ‘to give birth’，rather than ‘make’.}_{[333]
xek：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character bie别 ‘don’t’，as used in the original translation，is ax gid or xet in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 18.}_{[334]
jens：no gloss was given in the original translation. MCD 255 lists this wordwith the gloss yang 样 ‘the same’.}_{[335]
hlat：the original translation was gongpo 公婆 ‘parents-in-law’，howeverit is glossed in MCD 307 as <ge> muqin<歌> 母亲 [Song] ‘mother’.}_{[336]
dal：the original translation was haiyou 还有 ‘furthermore’. In MCD 53 it is glossed as yilou 遗漏 ‘omission’ or sheng 剩 ‘to be left over’.}_{[337]
yinb：MCD does not list this word. The Chinese character yan 淹 ‘to flood’，as used in the original translation，is dangx，langf or liuf in this dialect of Miao according to CMD 355.}_{[338]
qet：the original translation was shi拾 ‘pick up’，however it is glossed in MCD 357 as jingji 敬祭 ‘to respect’.}_{[339]
xit mas：MCD 413 lists the phrase xitmes glossed as huxiang fugai 互相覆盖 ‘to cover each other’.}_{[340]
yangt：no gloss was given in the original translation. In MCD 421 it is glossed as da sheng chang 大声唱 ‘to sing loudly’.}_{[341]
diub：no gloss was given in the original translation. In MCD 83 it is glossed as juyou 具有 ‘to have’ or limian …里面 ‘…within’.}_{[342]
pat：the original translation was ban 半 ‘half’. In MCD 348 the word is glossed as huakai 划开 ‘to divide’，poukai 剖开 ‘to cut open’ or pokai 破开 ‘to break’，rather than ‘half’.}_{[343]
nois：the original translation was lian 脸 ‘face’. In MCD 337 this word is glossed as hua（yanse cuoza）花（颜色错杂）‘flower（with many colours）’，rather than ‘face’.}_{[344]
liuf：the original translation was liu 留 ‘to keep’. In MCD 297 this word is glossed as luo 落 ‘to go down’，yanmo 淹没 ‘to drown’ or zhebi 遮蔽 ‘to obstruct’，rather than ‘to keep’.}_{[345]
deix：the original translation was de 的 ‘AUXI’. MCD 62 lists this word as zhen（yu ‘jia’ xiangdui）真（与 ‘假’ 相对）‘real’（the opposite of ‘unreal’）.}_{[346]
yef：the original translation was cai 才 ‘only then’. However，in this dialect of Miao the Chinese word for ‘only then’ translates as jef according to CMD 23.}_{[347]
dit：the original translation was bu 不 ‘not’. However，in this dialect of Miao the Chinese word for ‘not’ translates as dot according to CMD 20.}_{[348]
dangl：the original translation was deng 等 ‘wait’. However，in this dialect of Miao the Chinese word for ‘wait’ is danglaccording to CMD 66.}_{[349]
vangx：the original translation was zhi 制 ‘to make’. In MCD 383 this word is glossed as fengren 缝纫 ‘to sew’，rather than ‘to make’.}_{[350]
baib：the original translation was gei 给 ‘to give’. In MCD 14 this word is glossed as song 送 ‘to send’ or zengsong 赠送 ‘to present’.}_{[351]
hlat：the original translation was gongpo 公婆 ‘parent-in-law’. In MCD 206 this word is glossed as <ge> muqin<歌> 母亲 [Song] ‘mother’，rather than ‘parent-in-law’.}_{[352]
khat：the original translation was ke 客 ‘guest’. However，according to MCD 341 this word means jia（guniang）嫁（姑娘）‘marry’ one’s daughter.}_{[353]
sait：the original translation was mao 茂 ‘luxuriant’. However，according to MCD 363 this word means piaoliang 漂亮 ‘beautiful’.}_{[354]
liangl hxut：the original translation was fangxin 放心 ‘rest assured’. Lianglis listed in MCD 291 as manyi 满意 ‘satisfaction’ or xin’gan 心甘 ‘willingly’ and hxut is listed in MCD 242 as xinyi 心意 ‘gratitude’ or xinkan心坎 ‘bottom of one’s heart’. However，in CMD 91 the phrase fangxin 放is given in this dialect of Miao as xangt hvib.}_{[355]
xot：the original translation was bao 饱 ‘full’. However，in CMD 10 the Chinese word ‘satisfied’ is given in this dialect of Miao as xut.}

苗族古歌——布歌

目录

第一部分 [收起]

一.引言

苗族概述

苗族的迁徙

历史背景

宗族，家庭结构

村领导

农业循环周期，祭祀和节日

求偶习俗

信仰文化

苗族语言分布

二.苗族口头传承

古歌的内容及特点

古歌回顾

古歌在施洞及周边地区

三.Hxak dob“布歌”

古歌的地域特征

“布歌”形式和内容

“布歌”解读

“布歌”分析

“布歌”的结构

：锄地、播种、收获

：染布，捶打和蒸布的过程

：制作和装饰衣服，以及求偶

第10至11章节：婚礼和婚礼习俗

：送别

四.结论

对“布歌”的理解

总结“布歌”三大主要内容

参考书目

第二部分 [收起]

背景

Hxak dob“布歌”的结构

Structure of the Song of Cloth

读者特别注意

歌布

行注注释

语音列表参考资料来源