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:锄地、播种、收获
所属图书:《苗族古歌——布歌》 出版日期:2016-09-01文章字数:字

第1至3章节:锄地、播种、收获

Parts 1 to 3:Hoeing,Sowing and Harvesting

“布歌”首先以一系列的提问作为开始(第1章节:第1-4行),下面的几句歌词中道出了整首歌要表达的中心内容:

古代怎么得到布?

How did we get cloth in ancient times?

是什么时候开始有布的?

When did we first have cloth?

怎么才得五彩花衣?

How did we get patterned clothes?

得到阿妹的嫁衣?

How did the girl get her wedding dress?

妹妹才有送公婆的衣物,

The girl has some clothes for her parents-in-law,

父母才放心。

Her parents have peace of mind.

接下来的歌回应这几个问题,通过一个母亲Vob Gil和她的女儿染布的故事记述了苗族传统手工服装生产过程中的细节。首先,这首歌告诉我们棉花从哪里来(第1章节:第11-13,17-19,22-23行):

是谁挑的苋菜?

Who is bringing the amaranth greens? [1]

挑棉花从东方来,

Carrying the cotton from the East?

挑来给我们种?

Carrying the cotton for us to plant?

是Wud Lud挑的苋菜,

Wud Lud is bringing the amaranth greens,

挑棉花从东方来,

Carrying the cotton plants from the East.

挑棉花来种,

Carrying the cotton for us to plant,

咱妈才得布,

For this our mother has cloth,

得布染鲜艳。

Which she will dye a beautiful colour.

歌中唱到的迁徙描述是从东到西携带苋菜绿色染料和棉花种子。这与苗族古歌nangx eb jit bil“沿河西迁”中唱到的祖先西迁相吻合。(见燕宝校订版本:第654页):

在那悠悠的远古,

A long time ago in ancient times,

野菜花花初初绽。

The wild flowers had just opened,

爹娘住在海边边,

Our mother and father lived beside the sea,

九千山坡的东面。

To the East of thousands of mountain slopes.

歌词记述了祖先迁徙的时代、季节和他们原先住的位置。这首歌还告诉我们苗族祖先离开东方老家往西迁徙的原因(燕宝:1993,第655-659页):

雀多窝窝住不下,

Too many sparrows can’t fit in a nest,

人多寨子容不了,

Too many people can’t fit in a village,

七个公公一把锄,

Seven grandfathers have one hoe,

一个挖地十个等,

One works on the field while ten wait,

六个婆婆一架车,

Six grandmothers have one spinning wheel,

一人在纺十人看,

One is weaving,ten look on,

芭蕉叶来作衣穿,

Banana tree leaves are what they wear as clothes,

拿笋壳叶作衣穿。

Bamboo leaves was used to make clothes.

难容火塘煮饭吃,

Difficult to allow all people to cook food at the fireplace,

没有地方去开亲,

There were no places to go to matchmaking,

难怪爹娘要西迁,

It was no wonder mother and father migrated to the West,

爬山去找好生活。

Climbing mountains to find a good life.

我们也从歌中了解到在离开东方老家时他们随身都携带了些什么(燕宝:1993,第659,678页):

留下了小米种,

They keep the millet seeds,

东方老家谷种。

From their old home in the East seeds of rice,

父嘱儿子取钢钎,

Father tells the son to take a steel drill,

嫂嫂叫姑取纺针;

Sister-in-law tells father’s sister to take sewing needles,

姑姑劝嫂挑陶罐,

Father’s sister tells sister-in-law to carry pottery,

挑抬鼎锅往西迁。

And shoulder the cauldron to go to the West.

这些线索表明,苗族先民在他们西迁之前的东方老家已掌握了铸造金属的工艺和与织布相关的技能。

让我们回到“布歌”,故事描述出苗族先民们在西迁后开垦新的土地。歌词唱到(第1章节:第66-67;74-78行):

谁是个智者?

Who is the clever one?

谁是个力士呢?

And who is the strong one?

咱妈是智者,

Our mother is the clever one,

而Sangx Diob是力士,

And Sangx Diob is the strong one.

她俩去锄地,

The two of them are going to plow the field.

拿出种子去撒,

Take the seeds to sow,

拿出棉花去种。

Take cotton seeds to plant.

上面的问题和回答表明远古时代的人们聪明、善于观察,并且他们拥有强健的体魄开垦荒地。需要注意的是在古歌歌词里“她俩去锄地”苗语翻译是强调以女性为主。在苗族古歌中经常会出现以“母亲”一词来形象化地比喻。据吴晓东介绍,这是因为“黔东南苗族诗歌具有拟人化的特点,经常把一些花鸟鱼草称为妈妈……”(吴晓东:2002,第217页),例如燕宝译注的《苗族古歌》:

1.最远古时枫树种,

In ancient antiquity there was a seed of a maple tree,

一对妞常妈妈生(燕宝:1993,第395页)。

A pair of mothers called Niu Chang was born.

2.来看那个小火种,

Let us look at the small original fire,

流星妈妈来生的(燕宝:1993,第404-405页)。

Mother meteorite gives birth.

3.季节母亲添尾翎,

Season mother adds a tail feather,

鹡宇添得锦鸡尾(燕宝:1993,第494页)。

Jiyu adds a golden pheasant’s tail.

因此,在黔东南苗族诗歌中,有将一些实物比喻成母亲的习惯,就像汉语中把太阳说成“太阳公公”,把月亮称为“月亮婆婆”一样(吴晓东:2002,第220页)。换句话说,古歌中出现“母亲”一词在许多情况下,一般意义上是指可孕育任何生命或由此而生成的任何别的物种。

近年来当地古老的习惯法jax lil(汉译:Miaozu lici苗族理辞;英译:“Miao customary law”)已由吴德坤、吴德杰收集、整理并在2002年出版。这部产生于黔东南地区的苗族习惯法,详述了早期监管着苗族社会各个方面的律法,提及母亲在社会生产和家庭中分配到的重要角色和应起的作用。如在论及家庭基本原则Qend Jax(汉译:Qijia启佳;英译:“Basic Principles”)一节中特别提到如何在母亲和父亲之间分工才使得家庭生活美满,描述如下:

妻巧三箱衣,

If the wife is clever then they will have three boxes of clothes,

夫勤三仓粮,

If the husband is hard-working then they will have three granaries full of grain,

娘巧儿女穿得好,

If the mother is clever her children are well dressed,

父勤儿女吃得饱。

If the father is hard-working his children eat well.

这是说岁月的佳,

This has been the basic principle through the ages,

这是说岁月的理。

This has been standard from the beginning.

这是古老古典,

This is the ancient canon.

这是昔日时典故(吴德坤,吴德杰:2002,第11-12页)。

This is what has been quoted through the ages.

从部分法律的建议上来看,苗族人传统社会分工为男人从事田地里的力气活,妇女则负责家务活计,特别是制做衣服。

回到“布歌”接下来的唱词(第1章节:第82-86;90-91行):

地都锄好了,

The plowing is already finished,

即将要育苗。

They will grow seedlings,

是哪一年来的呢?

Which year is it?

是什么时候开始?

And when did they start?

拿什么来作样子?

What do you use to make it?

拿老鹰叼弃种子来照样,

We copied the eagle that dropped a seed.

才拿来育苗。

And then the seedling grew.

在苗族古歌以及有关苗族从东方迁徙等口头传说中,苗先民遇到许多困难和危险。在他们遭遇到的艰难险阻中,老鹰最为凶猛和难以应对;苗先民一方面与老鹰进行着顽强的斗争,另一方面又十分地敬重它。因此有时古歌描绘鹰作为人类的帮助,但在其他时候,它又被描述为掠夺者(王安江:2008,第169,1340页)。让我们注意一下苗族古歌Nangx Eb Jit Bil(汉译:pashan sheshui爬山涉水;英译:“Wandering over land and water”)章节中,涉及到苗族的迁徙故事,在讲述到苗族先民即将要到达一个被称为“老鹰岩”的地方时与老鹰发生的对峙:

天上有老鹰,

There were eagles in the sky,

大鹰在崖门,

There were eagles on the cliff,

千人过不来,

Thousands of men could not go across,

百人来不了,

Hundreds of men could not come over,

千人来了丧身,

Thousands of men were killed,

百人来了丢命(吴德坤,吴德杰:2002,第258页)。

Hundreds of men lost their lives.

面对这一阻碍,苗族先民们发挥了他们的聪明和才智。他们与老鹰进行了战斗,最终取得了胜利:

木槽响了鹰就来,

With a wooden trough they attract the eagles,

捕住崖口老鹰,

To catch the old eagles on the cliff,

拔了毛煮肉吃,

They plucked their feathers and boiled the meat to eat,

老鹰有三箩油,

The eagles yielded three basketfuls of grease,

油掉落到了地下,

The grease dropped onto the ground,

就变成了稻种,

Then it changed into seeds of rice,

就变成了棉种(吴德坤,吴德杰:2002,第259-260页)。

Then it changed into seeds of cotton.

在“布歌”里同样表现出了苗族先民在初期播种棉花和制衣服的时候与老鹰之间的链接关系。这将在后面的章节里再次出现。下面的唱词主要是围绕着种植棉花的时间顺序唱出棉花播种后从育苗到成熟这段时期栽培过程的描述(第1章节:第96-97;104-105行):

就要开始育苗了,

Let’s start with growing a seedling,

种子认得坡可躲,

The seeds know to avoid hills,

它长得确实好,

The seedling is growing well,

长得满山遍地都是。

Growing all over the hills and dales.

在第2章节的上半部分主要分阶段地唱出锄草、打顶、施肥等一系列田里的劳作。首先讲苗已育好了,然后以提问的方式询问播种后未来的工作(第2章节:第114-117行):

育苗育好了,

We have finished growing the seedlings,

育成模成样

And we have bred a useful species.

长厚了谁去打顶?

Who is going to prune the top leaf of the cotton when it is thick?

长密了谁去锄?

And who is going to weed the field when the weeds are dense?

这首歌表现出肯定的回答(第2章节:第119-123行):

我有一双好手,

I have good hands,

长厚了手指剪,

And they are growing calluses from the sickle,

长密了手指锄,

My fingers are growing thick from using the hoe,

长厚了还可以用锄头锄。

I can still hold the hoe to hoe the land.

棉地没长一点杂草。

So that no weeds will be growing in the cotton field.

接下来唱词继续问到田里的下一步劳作由谁来承担及施肥后人们在田间盼望棉苗长成的心情(第2章节:第138-143行):

谁挑肥去施?

Who will carry the manure to the field?

Dif Nix挑肥施,

Dif Nix will carry the manure,

施肥才长得好。

With manure the plants will grow stronger.

一天没见长,

On the first day we cannot see them growing,

两天没见长。

On the second day we still cannot see them growing.

我吃了颗熟透的果。

I have just eaten ripe fruit.

第2章节的下半部分唱词描述了棉花植物在不同季节生长出不同的样貌(第2章节:第152-153行):

初季长像水稻,

At beginning of the season it looks like rice,

季末长像小麦。

And at the end of the season it looks like wheat.

歌中还描述了在棉花即将采摘之前的这段时间里,许多种野果也将熟透,人们通常要修补工具和编织竹篮以便迎接采摘季节的到来(第2章节:第164,167-168,171,173行):

我吃了颗熟透的果子,

I have just eaten ripe fruit,

谁的指甲长得好?

Who has strong fingernails?

手巧劈竹篾,

Skillful hands cut the bamboo…

编了个美竹篮,

and make a beautiful basket,

咱妈指甲长得好,

Our mother has strong fingernails…

手巧劈竹篾,

Skillful hands to cut the bamboo,

编了个美竹篮,

and makes a beautiful basket.

如上所述,施洞地区苗族妇女开始收割制作蓝靛是在每年的七月份左右。彼时,染色布在整个大大小小的村寨、江边、集市上无处不见(图3-5)。这首歌的第三部分描述了棉花在地里时,看见它已完全长成(第3章节:第182-184;187,192-193行):

好苗收成也好,

The strong young plant will give a good harvest,

棉花也即将开花,

The cotton is coming into blossom,

棉桃挂满了每一个枝头,

Cotton blossoms hang off every branch,

摘到哪个枝头的棉花都是好的,

The cotton is in full bloom on every branch,

像一钵钵的妹子饭,

The blossoms look like the rice that the girls make for the sisters’ meal,

像用青水洗过的青石…

It looks like a green stone after it has been washed…

这首歌继续描述妇女们在采摘棉花后又发生了哪些事情。它讲述了染色工艺,并提到五种染料的传统生产与染色布都有重要的关系,“布歌”里提到了五种颜色是:黄色、绿色、紫色、白色、靛蓝(蓝色)(第3章节:第211-212,217,219,224行):

溢满了黄色,

Yellow is overflowing,

溢满了绿色,

Green is overflowing.

欢腾溢满了紫色,

Finally we come to the purple one.

剩素布是白色,

Plain cloth is white,

砍树制蓝靛水。

We cut the tree to make indigo dye.

塘龙村的两位苗族妇女何鲜土和潘尚妹介绍说,她们染出的颜色不仅是靛蓝染料的蓝色,同时需要其他颜色的配合。她们染布的染料不仅仅是一些植物染料,还要用动物的皮才可以达到布的色光。例如,nix vob liofdet nix(汉译:landiancao蓝靛草;英译:“indigo grass”)制成蓝黑色;用ghab nex det mangx(汉译:fengxiang shuye枫香树叶;英译:“sweet gum leave”)制成黑色;用ghab bel(汉译:hongcigen红刺根;英译:“red splinter root”)制成紫色;用ed hxud(汉译:jianshui碱水,石灰水;英译:“lime water”)以及自制的jud ghab hsaid(汉译:mijiu米酒;英译:“rice wine”)来保护染料不变质,同时使布最终达到黑紫色,最后还用dud ninx(汉译:shuiniupi水牛皮;英译:“buffalo skin”)来保护染好的色布具备防潮湿,防虫咬功能。植物也可以混合,以产生多种颜色。(图6-12)。 [2]

在第3章节的最后,“布歌”的唱词留下一个悬念(第3章节:第229-235行):

谁从东方来?

Who comes from the East?

跳高不跳低,

Jumps high but not low,

跳深不跳浅,

Jumps deep but not shallow,

见到飞泉井,

Sees a well and a waterfall,

九瓢十一捣,

Nine ladles and eleven waves,

有一瓢冒沫,

Finally the ladle gives off froth,

帕条由此来。

Cloth is made this way.

在这一段唱词里描述了有关制作蓝靛的众多程序。第一步是将蓝靛草枝叶在大约1米左右的长度剪下,然后将其浸泡在装满水的木桶里4到5天。从木桶里拿出兰草枝叶,这时便可见绿色的液体出现在了桶底,多余的水倒出后剩下的便是最初的靛蓝染料。然后加入一些石灰用瓢不停地搅拌,直到靛蓝散发出泡沫。这两个步骤是为了保持靛蓝染料水的新鲜不至于在炎热的夏季里变质。然后木桶要静置过夜,集中在底部的沉积物便是用于染布的靛蓝染料(图13-14)。在2006年的8月至9月份我在施洞的芳寨村记录并收集了部分苗族妇女如何制作蓝靛的程序信息,同时也拍下了大量染布过程的照片。

苗族妇女们制作靛蓝染料的过程通常是集体劳作。在一个三人一组的群体中,虽然每个妇女都在制作自己的布,但却有明确的分工,按程序划分任务:一人负责染布,另一人负责去河边或井边洗布然后晾晒在阳光下,布干后接下来又聚在一起由一人动手其余的人协助她用煮好的牛皮水给布上胶,最终起到保护布的作用。看似同样的过程她们要一次次地反复洗染、晾晒,直到布染成她们满意的黑紫色(图15-18)。最后大家坐下来一起捶布。在这段时间里,每天晚上都能听到妇女们的捶布声,有时甚至捶到天亮。下面的唱词有进一步详细的叙述。


[1] vob gil(s)是一种蔬菜(汉译:xian cai苋菜;英译:“Amaranthus tricolor”);Vob的意思是“绿色蔬菜”,gil的意思是“干或旱”(张永祥:199,第182;388页)。

[2] 根据广西民族大学蒙元耀教授介绍,从我所拍摄的照片上看,mimeng hua密蒙花是用作黄色染料;hong cigen红刺根它的学名叫shu liang薯莨用于紫色染料;另外两种苗族称为nix vob liof和det nix译成汉语叫landian cao蓝靛草。

苗族古歌——布歌